Sheet or molded polystyrene

  By zqqinladmin | May 18, 2012 - 6:29 am | manufacture
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Polystyrene (PS) is economical, and is used for producing plastic model assembly kits, plastic cutlery, CD "jewel" cases,smoke detector housings, license plate frames, and many other objects where a fairly rigid, economical plastic is desired. Production methods include thermoforming and injection molding.

Polystyrene Petri dishes and other laboratory containers such as test tubes and microplates play an important role in biomedical research and science. For these uses, articles are almost always made by injection molding, and often sterilized post-molding, either by irradiation or by treatment with ethylene oxide. Post-mold surface modification, usually with oxygen-rich plasmas, is often done to introduce polar groups. Much of modern biomedical research relies on the use of such products; they therefore play a critical role in pharmaceutical research.

Foams

Polystyrene foams are good thermal insulators and are therefore often used as building insulation materials, such as in insulating concrete forms and structural insulated panel building systems. They are also used for non-weight-bearing architectural structures (such as ornamental pillars). PS foams exhibit also good damping properties, therefore it is used widely in packaging.
Expanded polystyrene

Expanded polystyrene (EPS) is a rigid and tough, closed-cell foam. It is usually white and made of pre-expanded polystyrene beads. Familiar uses include molded sheets for building insulation and packing material ("peanuts") for cushioning fragile items inside boxes. Sheets are commonly packaged as rigid panels (size 4 by 8 or 2 by 8 feet in the United States), which are also known as "bead-board".Thermal resistivity is usually about 36 m·K/W but can range between 34 and 38 m·K/W depending on bearing/density. Thermalconductivity varies between 0.034 and 0.038 W/(m·K) depending on bearing strength/density and the average value is ~0.036 W/(m·K). Adding graphite has recently allowed the thermal conductivity of EPS to reach around 0.030-0.034 and as such has a grey colour which distinguishes it from standard EPS. BASF has produced a variety of this increased thermal resistance EPS called ‘Neopor’ which has become common usage for this product in the UK & EU.

Water vapour diffusion resistance (μ) of EPS is around 30-70.

Some EPS boards have a flame spread of less than 25 and a smoke-developed index of less than 450, which means they can be used without a fire barrier (but require a 15-minute thermal barrier) according to US building codes. A growing use of EPS in construction isinsulating concrete forms. The density range is about 16–640 kg/m3. The most common processing method is thermal cutting with hot wires.
Extruded polystyrene foam

Extruded polystyrene foam (XPS) consists of closed cells, offers improved surface roughness and higher stiffness and reduced thermal conductivity. The density range is about 28–45 kg/m3.

Extruded polystyrene material is also used in crafts and model building, in particular architectural models. Because of the extrusion manufacturing process, XPS does not require facers to maintain its thermal or physical property performance. Thus, it makes a more uniform substitute for corrugated cardboard. Thermal resistivity is usually about 35 m·K/W (or R-5 per inch in American customary units) but can range between 29 and 39 m·K/W depending on bearing/density. Thermal conductivity varies between 0.029 and 0.039 W/(m·K) depending on bearing strength/density and the average value is ~0.035 W/(m·K).

Water vapour diffusion resistance (μ) of XPS is around 80-250 and so makes it more suitable to wetter environments than EPS.

Styrofoam is a trademarked name for XPS; however, it is often also used in the United States as a generic name for all polystyrene foams.
Copolymers

Pure polystyrene is brittle, but hard enough that a fairly high-performance product can be made by giving it some of the properties of a stretchier material, such as polybutadienerubber. The two such materials can never normally be mixed because of the amplified effect of intermolecular forces on polymer insolubility (see plastic recycling), but if polybutadiene is added during polymerization it can become chemically bonded to the polystyrene, forming a graft copolymer, which helps to incorporate normal polybutadiene into the final mix, resulting in high-impact polystyrene or HIPS, often called "high-impact plastic" in advertisements. One commercial name for HIPS is Bextrene. Common applications of HIPS include toys and product casings. HIPS is usually injection molded in production. Autoclaving polystyrene can compress and harden the material.

Several other copolymers are also used with styrene. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene or ABS plastic is similar to HIPS: a copolymer of acrylonitrile and styrene, toughened with polybutadiene. Most electronics cases are made of this form of polystyrene, as are many sewer pipes. SAN is a copolymer of styrene with acrylonitrile, and SMA one with maleic anhydride. Styrene can be copolymerized with other monomers; for example, divinylbenzene can be used for cross-linking the polystyrene chains to give the polymer used in Solid phase peptide synthesis.
Oriented polystyrene

Oriented polystyrene (OPS) is produced by stretching extruded PS film, improving visibility through the material by reducing haziness and increasing stiffness. This is often used in packaging where the manufacturer would like the consumer to see the enclosed product. Some benefits to OPS are that it is less expensive to produce than other clear plastics such as PP, PET, and HIPS, and it is less hazy than HIPS or PP. The main disadvantage to OPS is that it’s brittle. It will crack or tear easily.
Disposal and environmental issues

Polystyrene is easily recycled. Due to its light weight (especially if foamed), it is not economical to collect in its original form. However, if the waste material goes through an initial compaction process, the material changes density from typically 30 kg/m3 to 330 kg/m3 and becomes a recyclable commodity of high value for producers of recycled plastic pellets. In general, it is not accepted in curbside collection recycling programs. In Germany, polystyrene is collected, as a consequence of the packaging law (Verpackungsverordnung) that requires manufacturers to take responsibility for recycling or disposing of any packaging material they sell. In the US and many other countries, the interest in recycling polystyrene has led to the establishment of collection points. The producers of large quantities of polystyrene waste (50 tons per year or more) that have invested in the EPS compactors are able to sell the compacted blocks to plastic recyclers.
Environmental impact

Polystyrene salvaged from the sea off the north coast ofHainan Province, China. The pieces are mainly from seafood storage boxes. Hundreds of these balls are placed on the land, presumably awaiting transportation to a recycling facility.

Discarded polystyrene does not biodegrade for hundreds of years and is resistant to photolysis. Because of this stability, very little of the waste discarded in today’s modern, highly engineered landfills biodegrades. Because degradation of materials creates potentially harmful liquid and gaseous by-products that could contaminate groundwater and air, today’s landfills are designed to minimize contact with air and water required for degradation, thereby practically eliminating the degradation of waste.

Polystyrene foam is a major component of plastic debris in the ocean, where it becomes toxic to marine life. Foamed polystyrene blows in the wind and floats on water, and is abundant in the outdoor environment. It can be lethal to any bird or sea creature that swallows significant quantities.

Polystyrene foams are produced using blowing agents that form bubbles and expand the foam. In expanded polystyrene, these are usually hydrocarbons such as pentane, which may pose a flammability hazard in manufacturing or storage of newly manufactured material, but have relatively mild environmental impact. However, extruded polystyrene are usually made with hydrofluorocarbons (HFC-134a), which have global warming potentials of approximately 1000–1300 times that of carbon dioxide
Recycling

The resin identification codesymbol for polystyrene

Most polystyrene products are currently not recycled due to the lack of incentive to invest in the compactors and logistical systems required. Expanded polystyrene scrap can be easily added to products such as EPS insulation sheets and other EPS materials for construction applications. And many manufacturers cannot obtain sufficient scrap because of the aforementioned collection issues. When it is not used to make more EPS, foam scrap can be turned into clothes hangers, park benches, flower pots, toys, rulers, stapler bodies, seedling containers, picture frames, and architectural molding from recycled PS.

Recycled EPS is also used in many metal casting operations. Rastra is made from EPS that is combined with cement to be used as an insulating amendment in the making of concrete foundations and walls. American manufacturers have produced insulating concrete forms made with approximately 80% recycled EPS since 1993. However, polystyrene recycling is not a closed loop, producing more polystyrene; polystyrene cups and other packaging materials are instead usually used as fillers in other plastics, or in other items that cannot themselves be recycled and are thrown away.[citation needed]
Incineration

If polystyrene is properly incinerated at high temperatures, the chemicals generated are water, carbon dioxide, a complex mixture of volatile compounds, and carbon soot. According to the American Chemistry Council, when polystyrene is incinerated in modern facilities, the final volume is 1% of the starting volume; most of the polystyrene is converted into carbon dioxide, water vapor, and heat. Because of the amount of heat released, it is sometimes used as a power source for steam or electricity generation.

When polystyrene was burned at temperatures of 800–900 °C (the typical range of a modern incinerator), the products of combustion consisted of "a complex mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from alkyl benzenes to benzoperylene. Over 90 different compounds were identified in combustion effluents from polystyrene."

When burned without enough oxygen or at lower temperatures (as in a campfire or a household fireplace), polystyrene can produce polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon black, and carbon monoxide, as well as styrene monomers.

how Recycle Styrofoam

  By zqqinladmin | May 8, 2012 - 3:34 am | Uncategorized
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Whilst it will be formally achievable to be able to recycling Styrofoam™, it is just a challenging method that’s not frequently presented inside neighborhood taking plans or perhaps curbside pickups. Styrofoam™ is actually a hallmark in the Dow Substance Business}, talking about broadened polystyrene polyurethane foam (EPS), also is selected since plastic-type #6.

Even though there are many forms of EPS found in different methods, the most frequent sort that may be remade is the fact utilized regarding build supplies and also wrapping supplies. Foods services plans, like polyurethane foam mugs, are generally not typically recyclable and therefore are formally certainly not created from Styrofoam™. Should you be not sure whether a part of Styrofoam™ will be recyclable, search for the quantity 6th in the taking triangle anywhere around the package deal, or perhaps talk with your neighborhood taking centre.

Although it could be harder to be able to recycling Styrofoam™, it is vital to accomplish this. Styrofoam™ is just not capable decomposed and will continue to be as being a pollutant on our earth regarding a single, 000 yrs. As it is thus mild, Styrofoam™ effortlessly trips around the globe and also stays suspended over this particular inside the marine. With will set out to pack in, that emits chemical compounds to the dirt and also groundwater — this is the reason it is so crucial to effectively recycling Styrofoam™.

The easiest way to recycling Styrofoam™ is always to both fall that down with a regional taking centre or perhaps install it out there regarding curbside pick up. If this sounds certainly not presented in the region, the particular Bijou of Foam Wrapping Recyclers supplies a mail-back plan, that offers a chance to postal mail Styrofoam™ in their eyes regarding taking just for the expense of shipment. Due to the fact Styrofoam™ can be so mild, it is just a pretty cost-effective option.

An additional way to stop Styrofoam™ polluting of the environment is always to re-use that oneself, or perhaps give that to be able to somebody else to be able to re-use. Several shipment suppliers or perhaps markets encourage polyurethane foam to be able to re-use regarding wrapping, and also educational institutions may additionally make use of excess Styrofoam™. If you wish to postal mail fragile things, help save the froth terme conseillé that can come inside your plans and also postal mail these once more.

A lot more plans are usually in improvement every single day to make it easier in business and also buyers to be able to recycling Styrofoam&trade. When the first is not attainable in the region, use the mail-back plans or perhaps re-use the particular Styrofoam™ inside imaginative techniques right up until any taking plan can be acquired. If you possibly can stay away from that, attempt to avoid acquiring foods storage units manufactured from Styrofoam™, because is not remade and may simply leave filth for environmental surroundings a lot more while placed inside the rubbish and also taken up a landfill.

Biomass Gasification

  By zqqinladmin | May 5, 2012 - 5:11 am | industry
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Biomass Gasification
Photography connected with switchgrass staying swathed.
This method is definitely investigating strategies to make hydrogen by biomass, something like this switchgrass, by means of pyrolysis in addition to gasification.
This method anticipates this biomass gasification can be stationed inside mid-term stretch of time.
What on earth is Biomass?
Biomass, a new environmentally friendly organically grown learning resource, comes with agronomie head residues, including ingrown toenail stover as well as rice straw; do residues; exclusive facilities harvested designed for strength work with, including switchgrass as well as willow timber; organically grown consistorial sound squander; in addition to canine toxins.
What makes Biomass Gasification Do the job?
Biomass is definitely converted into a gaseous mix off hydrogen, carbon monoxide, co2 fractional laser, along with materials by means of heating tom inside reputation connected with water vapor as well as a operated degree of fresh air (in a unit called a gasifier). Often the biomass is definitely cracked away from each other chemically by gasifier’s heating, water vapor, in addition to fresh air, setting up in movements element tendencies this cause a activity natural gas, as well as "syngas"¡ªa mix off generally hydrogen, carbon monoxide, in addition to co2 fractional laser. Often the carbon monoxide in that case does respond having waters to co2 fractional laser plus much more hydrogen (water-gas transfer reaction). Adsorbers as well as exclusive couenne can certainly different often the hydrogen because of this natural gas mode.
Shortened Case in point Impulse ¡ú6H12O6 and O2 and WATER ¡ú ¡úO and ¡úO2 and H2 and different variety
Observe: The actual above mentioned impulse functions sugar and carbohydrates for a surrogate to get cellulose. Precise biomass features really shifting make up in addition to sophiisticatedness having cellulose united important ingredient.
Water-Gas Transfer Impulse ¡úO and WATER ¡ú ¡úO2 and H2 (+small degree of heat)
Pyrolysis is a gasification connected with biomass inside absence of fresh air. Normally, biomass doesn’t gasify seeing that simply seeing that coal, and yes it delivers different hydrocarbon materials inside natural gas concoction escaping often the gasifier; supplanted if not any fresh air is needed. Therefore, commonly, a supplementary move need to be arrive at reform these kind of hydrocarbons along with a cause to help give a new clean up syngas mix off hydrogen, carbon monoxide, in addition to co2 fractional laser. In that case, just like often the gasification approach to get hydrogen development, a new transfer impulse move (with steam) transforms often the carbon monoxide to help co2 fractional laser. Often the hydrogen made can be taken away from in addition to filtered.
Biomass gasification technological know-how is rather right large-scale, centralized hydrogen development, a result of the dynamics connected with controlling a lot connected with biomass along with the expected economic system connected with degree due to style of approach.
How come is That Technological know-how Staying ¡úonsidered for any Hydrogen Economic system?
Biomass is undoubtedly an numerous local learning resource.
United states features considerably more biomass readily available in comparison with must connect with it has the food and canine take care of desires. A couple recent surveys undertaking this having envisioned developments with lawn care techniques in addition to grow propagation, 1 . 3 tera- dried up numerous biomass can be accessible for strength work with by means of 2050. just one, 3 That total means 21 years of age sextillion Btu/year connected with most important strength. ¡úurrent strength easy use in united states is definitely 98 sextillion Btu/yr, and it’s also required to raise to help 135 sextillion Btu/yr. several, 5 ¡úurrent strength work with to get particular autos is mostly about 10 sextillion Btu/yr. 5 Biomass could not connect with all of our strength desires, nevertheless it gives an essential info.
Rising biomass minimizes co2 fractional laser from setting.
Often the biomass information utilised in biomass gasification take co2 fractional laser inside setting together with all their healthy growing approach, so that biomass gasification produces a new near-zero world wide web let go connected with techniques unwanted gas.
Exploration Targets on Eliminating ¡úhallenges
Major obstacles to help hydrogen development by means of biomass gasification contain lessening prices connected to cash devices in addition to biomass feedstocks.
Exploration to reduced cash prices:
In the event fresh air is needed inside gasifier, cash prices is usually minimized by means of swapping often the cryogenic approach at this time familiar with different fresh air by weather having completely new couenne technological know-how.
Completely new couenne engineering are essential to separate your lives in addition to purify hydrogen from natural gas mode made (similar to help coal gasification).
Intensifying doing this (combining ways in a smaller amount of operations).
Exploration to reduced biomass feedstock prices:
Superior lawn care techniques in addition to propagation work really should end in minimal in addition to sturdy feedstock prices.
DOE in addition to USDA help support superior techniques to get more significant make use of biomass-based strength.

Tips on how to Recycle Styrofoam Lunch Trays

  By zqqinladmin | April 28, 2012 - 6:12 am | Uncategorized
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Tips on how to Recycle Styrofoam Lunch Trays
Styrofoam, or maybe expanded polystyrene, food trays are among the tougher materials to recycle, as they cannot be define with curbside recycling in most cities and are not necessarily accepted by most recyclers, according to food service presentation manufacturer GenPak. Wax and other sealants on the aligners, food contamination, a low weight-to-volume ratio and its particular low value as a commodity makes the trays and also other food-service polystyrene unpopular with recyclers according to the You. S. Environmental Protection Agency and the American Biochemistry and biology Council. Styrofoam lunch trays, used in their hundreds and hundreds every day, can be removed from the waste steady flow by consumers willing to make the effort to recycle these people.

Instructions 1 Turn your rack over and check for the arrowed triangular recycling sign. A symbol with a “6″ in the center reveals expanded polystyrene plastic, or Styrofoam.

only two Clean your tray after use. Food, condiment and other residue can contaminate the pool of recycled elements. According to Dart Container, a polystyrene manufacturer along with recycler that operates a school lunch tray recycling software, trays do not need to be washed, only emptied and wiped down with a paper paper napkin.

3 Pack the trays in the box or bag so they take up the amount of space possible. The molded Styrofoam aligners usually nest together and take up little space when piled neatly.

4 Transport your trays to your recycler that accepts expanded polystyrene food canisters. Dart Container operates one of the few programs in the land that is open for public disappear. The program is available in cities in twelve states, Canada and Mexico. Mail-in programs that handle nationally are not intended for food-service polystyrene.

5 Get a compaction device. Organizations and businesses that generate many trays could purchase a high temperature compactor, a device smaller than a refrigerator, which could convert 1, 200 trays at a time in a 30-by-6-inch block of recyclable plastic, according to company Thermo Compaction Systems. The machines, which charge $7, 000 in 2010, are so far utilised by schools in Florida and Ohio. Schools making use of the machine expect to recoup its cost within one full year due to savings on trash pickup resulting from their very own decreased volume, according to a reports in the Walk 24, 2010 issue of the “Dayton Daily News” because the Oct. 26, 2009 “Waste and These recycling News. ”
6 Save clean aligners for use in arts and craft projects. The spaces in the trays make them useful as coloring palettes, for holding beads and other small goods.

7 Purchase more products with reused content. Consumer demand for products using post-consumer polystyrene–picture glasses, flower pots, mulch, building and office items, food and other packaging–will drive up the price purchased recycled polystyrene, making recycling programs more appealing for you to municipal and private recycling firms. Recycling of polystyrene raises when consumer demand for products made with reused polystyrene increases, according to the American Chemical Council.

Tips & Warnings Residents on the city of Los Angeles and 25 other California cities can recycle clean food-service polystyrene in their curbside packing containers, according to the American Chemical Council. The Oregon Bureau of Sanitation requires all Styrofoam food trays along with cups to be clean and places in curbside canisters, according to its

Aotu palletizer case packer machine

  By zqqinladmin | April 20, 2012 - 3:36 am | auto case erector
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A new palletizer is a device used to stack and organize manufacturing products onto a pallet. The palletizer can be give operated, simple machinery or a highly complex robotic system the size of a small house. A palletizer could pack any number and size of boxes for freight cargo.A pallet is a wooden, cheap, or metal frame that holds boxes or barrels to get transportation. Pallets are usually designed so they can be lifted by a style of forklift or crane, with open slats on the bottom. Factory products are packed tightly onto these kind of pallets and covered in plastic to form a solid mass, which can then be loaded into a automobile, rail car, ship, or plane for morceau.
A palletizer allows these pallets for being stacked quickly and efficiently. The most simple type of a palletizer would be something like a hand automobile, which helps a worker carry heavy and unwieldy cardboard boxes or barrels, and place them securely onto often the pallet. This type of manual palletizer is an easy and effective way for workers to soundly palletize products.
When people discuss a new palletizer though, they more often mean an automatic as well as robotic palletizer. A robotic or automatic palletizer machine is often a complex machine that can quickly pack a good number of boxes or barrels onto a new pallet. These machines can be as small as there are robotic arm, or might involve enough machinery to help fill half a warehouse.
The intelligent palletizer machine has a few required parts. At first, there must be a means for any products and the pallets themselves to be brought along. This usually involves two or more conveyor belts as well as rolling platforms, but in some cases workers might yourself move the pallets into position either by hand or along with a forklift.
Once the palletizer offers the boxes or barrels and the pallet at your, it can begin its work. Often the palletizer picks up the product with a crane, supply, or scoop of some kind, and deposits the box neatly onto the pallet. These boxes tend to be of a uniform size, but a more enhanced robotic palletizer might be programmed to recognize differently sized offers and account for their shape when stacking often the pallet.
The palletizer stacks the boxes as well as barrels into neat rows, securely packed onto often the pallet. When the pallet is full, it can be either wrapped by the palletizer, or more typically moved away to be wrapped by another machine or personally. The palletizer is then free to begin loading the next pallet.Modern freight operates competently with the help of many different machines, not the very least of which is the palletizer. While it would possibly not seem like a device which plays a large position in the lives of most people, in case you buy a box of cereal, a keep of butter, or a box of spark terme conseillé, a palletizer was probably instrumental in getting it into the store.

how to Create Dog Coats & Sweaters

  By zqqinladmin | April 7, 2012 - 10:02 am | DOG, Hand Signals
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Caring for man’s best friend is a privilege enjoyed simply by dog owners everywhere. During cold months, coats and also sweaters provide your pet with warmth and protection from the weather. Dog coats and sweaters can be purchased or perhaps made at home. An easy way to produce a dog sweaters is to start with a dress designed to be worn by a person. Simple adjustments can change a human’s sweater into a sweater to your dog.

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the world’s smallest puppy measures up to the iPhone

  By zqqinladmin | March 29, 2012 - 9:56 am | DOG, News
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The world’s smallest puppy has found another app for the iPhone – as a dog beds.

When she was born, Beyoncé weighed just one ounce and was so tiny she could fit in a spoon. Now two weeks old, she’s still about the size of a credit card.

And – like the title of a song penned by her namesake – she’s a survivor.

dog beds

Beyonce, whose caretakers wanted to give her a "big" name, is not yet up for adoption, though the foundation has received hundreds of requests from people who want to take her home.

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Different Types of Deburring Tools

  By zqqinladmin | March 21, 2012 - 8:42 am | industry
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Classes a wide variety of different materials and components that need deburring, there are many different types of deburring resources. One common deburring process for metal objects involves placing components in an exceedingly vibratory drum with abrasive media. Another method of deburring on the mass scale is to use an abrasive medium to blast items. Other deburring tools, such as sanders, files, as well as picks, are handheld. Highly specialized bits may also be used to deburr the interior surface of plumbing.

The process of deburring consists of removing small surface area imperfections from a variety of different workpieces. These small protrusions in many cases are referred to as burrs. Burrs can be a consequence of the casting process, though they may exist for some other reasons as well. The removal of burrs is sometimes visual, though it can also be necessary before a workpiece could be further processed, such as is the case along with electroplating, which requires a smooth, even surface. Deburring resources can be virtually anything that is used to remove surface imperfections through workpieces.

One common type of deburring tool may be the vibratory tumbler. This is a device that typically is made up of barrel and a motor that can tumble or get rid of it. In order use this type of deburring device, workpieces are placed inside along with an abrasive medium. The actual abrasive medium can then be vibrated against the workpieces as the clip or barrel is rotated or shaken, which can rub away any kind of burrs. Media blasters are a similar class of deburring tools that may work on many workpieces at once by showering them with harsh media.

Other types of deburring tools typically focus on one piece at a time. These tools are less popular in mass or batch production, though they can be required in some cases. Wire wheels are one type of deburring device that can be electrically or pneumatically powered. The item that should be deburred is typically held against the spinning wheel in order to abrade the surface imperfections. Grinding machines can be used in the same manner, though some grinders are portable.

Files, sandpaper, and abrasive cloths is also deburring tools that can be handheld. Tools such as these types of can be used for delicate finishing work, since the abrasion of fabric from the workpiece is typically slower and thus easier to manage. Special deburring tools that can clean the interior areas of pipes and tubes also exist. These are often hand controlled wire brushes or files, though specialized bits can be used along with drills.

Sandra Fluke Dismisses Rush Limbaugh’s Apology

  By zqqinladmin | March 6, 2012 - 5:57 am | News
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Sandra Fluke, the Georgetown University law school student at the heart of the debate over contraception, dismissed Rush Limbaugh’s apology for calling her a “slut.”

Fluke appeared on ABC’s “The View” on Monday to discuss Limbaugh’s apology, which she said she believes the conservative radio host only issued because of pressure from his show’s sponsors.

“I don’t think that a statement like this, issued saying that his choice of words was not the best, changes anything. Especially when that statement is issued when he’s under significant pressure from his sponsors, who have begun to pull support from his show,” Fluke said.

Eight companies – including AOL, the parent company of The Huffington Post — have parted wayswith Limbaugh since he made the harsh remarks about Fluke.

Fluke said she was “shocked and stunned” when she heard about Limbaugh’s comments.

“I think any woman who has ever been called these types of names is [shocked] at first,” Fluke said. “But then I tried to see this for what it is, and I believe that what it is is an attempt to silence me, to silence the millions of women and the men who support them who have been speaking out about this issue and conveying that contraception is an important health care need that they need to have met in an affordable, accessible way.”

On Friday, Obama called Fluke to thank her for speaking out on the controversial issue. White House Press Secretary Jay Carney said the president felt “the kinds of personal attacks that have been directed her way have been inappropriate.”

 

‘Leftists despise me’+

Last week, he called the student “a slut” and “a prostitute” after she testified to lawmakers that Catholic-affiliated Georgetown University, where she is a third-year law student, ought to pay for contraception.

As criticism mounted over his comments, Limbaugh apologised to the 30-year-old in a written statement over the weekend.

Rush Limbaugh’s conservative weekday show airs on 600 radio stations

He took to the air waves on Monday to express his regret again, albeit defiantly.

“Those two words were inappropriate,” he said. “They were uncalled for… I again sincerely apologise to Ms Fluke for using those two words to describe her.”

But he also accused her of trying to “force a religious institution to abandon its principles to meet hers”.

And in a swipe at his critics, he said: “I acted too much like the leftists who despise me. I descended to their level, using names and exaggerations. It’s what we’ve come to expect from them, but it’s way beneath me.”

Ms Fluke rejected his latest apology.

“I don’t think that a statement like this, issued saying that his choice of words was not the best, changes anything,” she told ABC News’ The View on Monday.

“Especially when that statement is issued when he’s under significant pressure from his sponsors, who have begun to pull support from his show.”

She said: “I think any woman who has ever been called these types of names is [shocked] at first.”

“But then I tried to see this for what it is, and I believe that what it is, is an attempt to silence me, to silence the millions of women and the men who support them who have been speaking out about this issue and conveying that contraception is an important healthcare need that they need to have met in an affordable, accessible way.”

Republican lawmakers had declined to accept Ms Fluke’s testimony last month, but she was invited to speak to Democratic lawmakers at an unofficial session.

Anxious to distance themselves from rhetoric that could alienate women voters in an election year, Republicans have joined in the chorus of criticism against Limbaugh.

Senator John McCain, the party’s 2008 White House nominee, said on Monday that the radio host’s remarks were unacceptable.

Presidential candidate Newt Gingrich said it was “silly” to suggest that Limbaugh’s views in any way represented those of the Republican Party.

The row stems from President Obama’s 2010 healthcare law that originally required all employers to provide health insurance to cover contraceptives.

Following outrage from Catholic leaders and conservatives, President Obama amended the policy so it would exempt religiously affiliated employers such as hospitals, universities and charities.

Rack Oven VS. Tray Oven

  By zqqinladmin | February 20, 2012 - 3:27 am | Food Processing Machine
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Design

A rack oven is designed to hold an entire rack of food to be baked. Racks of goods to be baked can simply be wheeled into the oven on the rack. A tray oven is a traditionally designed oven in which trays of goods are placed individually in the oven. Tray ovens range from simple home ovens that can accommodate two or three trays, to large industrial models that can accommodate dozens of trays.

Use

Rack ovens are designed to be used with baked goods such as breads, cakes and cookies. Because of their high capacity, they are generally used only in an industrial setting, such as large bakeries or hotel kitchens. Tray ovens are used for baked goods as well as meats and other baked dishes. Tray ovens are found in industrial kitchens, small commercial kitchens and home kitchens used for preparing basic meals.

Convenience

Both rack and tray ovens offer convenience in different ways. Rack ovens are convenient for baking large quantities of baked goods. Because the entire rack is simply rolled into the oven, it allows the oven to be loaded quickly without losing heat. Tray ovens offer the convenience of being able to produce smaller quantities because you can load individual trays it means it is easier to bake in small batches.

Cleaning

Tray ovens can be cleaned by manually scrubbing them or using the automated cleaning feature, if it is available. Rack ovens are more difficult to clean because they need to be regularly scrubbed and must be disassembled at least once a year so the moving parts can be cleaned of any buildup. This must be done by someone who is experienced in kitchen appliance repairs.

Heat Loss

When cooking at high temperatures, each time you open the oven to remove or add a tray, heat escapes from the oven and into the kitchen. Ovens with small openings to allow for a single tray to be inserted at a time help this problem. A revolving tray oven moves the racks of trays around the inside of the cooking chamber, bringing each up to the door for individual removal from a small door. The oven loses less heat this way compared with a rack oven that requires you to open the door that extends the entire height of the oven.
Even Cooking

For even cooking, moving the trays throughout the cooking compartment prevents hot and cold spots from burning or undercooking your food. A revolving tray oven moves the trays for you, while the trays in a rack oven remain in the same place you put them. Rack ovens compensate for this by circulating hot air throughout the chamber with a convection fan.
Cooking Method

The cooking method differs between revolving and rack ovens. Revolving ovens are more akin to conventional ovens that heat with radiant heating. Since the trays move inside the oven chamber, a fan to circulate the heat is not needed. This design is beneficial when baking delicate items that a fan’s current could damage, like meringues or souffles. Rack ovens have convection fans to move the air to every part of the cooking compartment. This type of oven cooks faster, at lower temperatures and more evenly than an oven without a convection fan.
Space Requirements

The space each type of oven requires becomes important when you are planning out a kitchen in a small area. Revolving ovens take up a large amount of floor space due to their design. Rack ovens are designed specifically to provide the maximum amount of cooking space in as little floor space as possible. A small rack oven might take up only 4 square feet of floor space but cook food on 20 sheet pans at the same time.